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Research into Valium and the risk of dependence continues

Even though there have been a wide range of drugs on the market for many years derived from the benzodiazepines, the research into their character and performance continues apace. This does not mean the drugs are any less safe than when they were first introduced more than fifty years ago. It simply reflects the genuine desire to improve their performance. The key problem remains the need to limit time. No matter how effective the drug may be, there is a real risk of psychological or physical dependence if people take the drug at too high a dosage or over too long a period of time. Why is this? The reason is that, in the same way as cannabis and the more powerful heroin affect the chemistry of the brain, so the benzodiazepines offer chemical rewards to the pleasure centers of the brain. Researchers in the US and Switzerland have recently released the results of study into the precise mechanism at work. We have long known that the benzodiazepines affect the level of the neurotransmitter called Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA). As the amount of GABA increases, this triggers the release of dopamine, which is a so-called gratification hormone. It makes us feel good. It rewards us for taking the pill and encourages us to repeat the activity. In this, the benzodiazepines are working in exactly the same way as the addictive street drugs. However, the latest research pinpoints a specific receptor in the GABA’s chemical structure. For the technically minded, this is called the Alpha1 Sub-Unit of the GABA Type A Receptor.

You are now all saying, “So what?” In fact, this is a very big “what”. For the last fifty and more years, we have had to limit our uses of some very valuable drugs. Suppose we can tweak the benzodiazepines so they bind to Alpha2, Alpha3, or to the Type B Receptor. This linkage may produce the result we want without triggering the release of the dopamine. If no dopamine is released, we have a non-addictive version of the benzodiazepines. That is not just for the anti-anxiety and antidepressive drugs. It also includes useful drugs used for appetite suppression, and so on.

Over the last ten years, there has been new research into producing the next generation of valium. Early results in manipulating Alpha2 and Alpha3 have not yet proved a success, but Merck and the other pharmaceutical companies are investing increasing amounts of money in the push to modify the chemistry of the current anti-anxiety and panic disorder drugs to produce the same effect but without the problem of dependence. Until this work delivers clinical trial results sufficient to satisfy the FDA, we will continue to rely on valium – a drug that has consistently proved itself effective to control anxiety and worry, and eliminate the threat of panic attacks. But, of course, with the condition that we do not exceed the dosage instructions given to us by doctors and pharmacists. The risk of dependence is manageable but real. If we do abuse this drug, we end up in much the same position as if we had become addicted to heroin or one of its derivatives. Once the brain’s reward system has been activated, it produces increasingly unpleasant withdrawal symptoms if we stop taking the drug. Many people find they lack the willpower to fight through the symptoms and stay free. Let us hope the researchers can tweak valium so we can have the benefits without this risk.

Valium and the treatment of anxiety disorders

The diagnosis of a disorder in relation to anxiety is always a question of fact and degree. It is perfectly natural for people to worry or feel anxious in different situations where a threat is present. Allowing for the sensitivity in the use of the words, our ability to foresee and predict has been essential to our evolution as a species. We survive because we see the risks in our environment and take precautions. Thus, drawing a positive line between “natural” anxiety and irrational levels of anxiety suggesting a disorder is always a matter of opinion – the victim of the uncontrolled anxiety sees the quality of life disappear, and objective observers see a need for intervention to protect the individual or others from the possibility of harm. This diagnosis can often be complicated by physical factors such as substance abuse. It may be necessary to treat the physical problems including, say, alcoholism, before or alongside the anxiety. Similarly, the presence of depression will require a different approach.

For the medical profession, the constant debate is how to strike a balance between the need to give effective treatment, and the healthcare model which, for the most part, is for-profit. Almost all the research during the last century proves the benefits of the various types of psychotherapy. Making the patient the focus of attention and relating to that patient as an individual with needs is, in itself, a major therapy. Allowing the patient the time to talk through problems and devise strategies for coping gives the individual ownership over the solutions – a necessary mental step in making the strategies effective. The moment you approach the patient as an inconvenience – reduce choice over treatment options in favor of medication – the majority either give up or grow defensive and resentful. Doctors have often responded by making treatment using medication compulsory. Listen to hospital administrators and they will tell you the cost of labor in providing psychotherapy to all patients is impossible to fund. Listen to the pharmaceutical industry and it will tell you there are effective drugs to cure all problems without the need for expensive therapy. In a capitalist model, medication therefore tends to win out over psychotherapy.

This is not to say that drugs like valium are not effective. In fact, the majority of people feel less anxious when they begin taking it. But drugs like valium do not “cure” the underlying problems. For that, you need physicians, psychiatrists, therapists, counselors and social workers to reach out to each person and offer support. With proper care, most people with anxiety disorders can live normal lives as self-confidence returns. This places valium in its most effective role – to provide a respite, a breathing space during which the psychotherapy can encourage the individual to start making the changes necessary for the anxiety to fade. For these purposes, the best type of psychotherapy is cognitive behavioral therapy where people are trained to rethink the way in which they respond to pressure. They are exposed to the feared social situations and grow less sensitive. They learn how to cope without worrying. It would be wonderful if you could patent this and put it in a bottle. The manufacturer would make a fortune and earn the profound gratitude of everyone who has ever had an anxiety or panic attack. Until then, we have to rely on talk as the best form of treatment.